Electronic cumulative adder



SePt- 25, 1951 J. A. RAJCHMAN ET AL 2,568,932

ELECTRONIC CUMULATIVE ADDER Filed Sept. 27, 1947 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Snventors Jn Rq/'amn George -Wzomn Clttomeg Sept. 25, 1951 J. A. RAJCHMAN ET AL 2,568,932

ELECTRONIC CUMULATIVE ADDER Filed Sept. 27, 1947 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Patented Sept. 25, 1951 UNITED STATES. PATENT GFF ELECTRONIC CUMULATIVE ADDER Jan A. Rajchman, Princeton, N. J., and lGeorge W. Brown,` Ames, Iowa, assignors .to Radio-Corporation ofv America, a corporation ot Delaware Application September 27, 1947, Serial No. 776,439

Claims. 1

This invention relates to electronic computing systems of the type disclosed in our copending application, Serial No. 757,262,'led June'26, 1947, for -Improvements inv Electronic Adder, now Patent No. 2,503,765', issued April 1l, 1950. It has for Aitsy principal object the provision of an irnproved computing circuitv andmethod of computation in'which successive processes of addition andA subtraction are readily performed and in which the accumulated ltotal may be held indenitely. In this respect the invention is comparable to Van adding'machine in which numbers are rst vset up--by operating the appropriate keys in the lvarious decimal places, and then transferred toan accumulator, after which the second, thirdY and fourth numbersare entered and transferredin turn. The total then appears on the indicator, where it is retained indefinitely until thedevice is cleared y In the invention described and claimed in our pending application identified above, provision is made for the addition of two numbers only, the

indicator showing the sum or diiierence of the two numbersrwhich are entered on separate sets of keys. The present invention-employs the same principle of operation as isA employed in theearlier device, butincludes a single set of keysvon which the numbers are entered in succession, the. numbers so entered Abeing transferred to. an accumulator or totalizer device which at all timesl indicates the ,total of the individual numbers which are added or subtracted in a. given sequence, together with means for clearing the computer. As in our earlier application, all computations are performed in terms of numbers and in the binary system of numeration in which a number is expressed as a sum of powers of two multiplied by coeicients which are either Zero or one. Thus integers x are represented by the series.

where the coefficient Anw) isy either Zero or one.

Using the usual order of writing. digits, asin the decimal system, the 2 place is on the right, and the 21, 22, etc., places successively to the left. In the decimal system the units tens, hundreds, etc., places read from right to left. Similarly in the binary system the places, from right to left, are units,"twos, fours eightsf etc.

Thus, the number 6 may be written which states that the number contains no units,

one "two and one four, for a total of6'. Similarly, the number 7 would be written whichY adds one unit to the number six for a total of 7.

Addition in the binary system is done as in the decimai systemtak-ing into account theV carry- Ageneralization of the addition of two binary numbers r and y maybe written:

c c11 'c1 cn ..A.() 12(1) Ala) Auw) ..A(y) ........A2(y) ........A1('j) .......Aw

. A(x+y) Azuriny) AIQHW) Ao(z+y) Where Anim), and Amy)V ,areeither zero or one.

Inrbinary systems. oi .electronicpcomputatiom all digits are represented by one or the other .of two voltages V1 and V2, which may have any arbitrarily assigned value. In the present. instance, however, we prefer to utilize two voltages .approximately equal to +17 and -23, for reasons which will, appear subsequently. In a given stage of the computer +17 volts, may be chosen to represent the cipher Zero, while 23 volts may be chosen to represent the cipher one Within a given stage, this arbitrary convention must be adhered to uniformly. However, for convenience it is preferred to alternate this convention from stage to stage, since. this greatly simplies the apparatus. Consequently, it is to be understood that in all odd numbered stages or digital places of the particular apparatusillustrating this invention, +17 volts will represent the cipher Zero, while in all even numbered stages +17 volts will represent the cipher one Itis therefore a further object of this invention to provide an improved method of and apparatus for indicating the total of thesum or diierence of a plurality of numbers. Y A still further object of this invention is to provide' an electronic adding or subtracting machine with an accumulator for holding and/or indicating the cumulative sum of a'plurality of numbers ofk positive or negative sign.`

A still further object is to provide an improved electronic addi-ng machine which is positive and certainin its action, and economical to manufacture.

A still further object of this invention is the provision of an all electronic adding machine capable of performing a sequence of additions and subtractions in the binary system of computation.

In our copending application referred to above, a full explanation has been given of the method of subtracting one number from another by reversing or interchanging the voltages representing the respective ciphers of the number to be subtracted, adding the two numbers, dropping the number in the highest digital place and adding one. The same system is employed in connection with the present invention.

In brief, the present invention incorporates a plurality of stages, one for each binary place. The number of stages employed is determined by the desired capacity of the device. Each stage is provided with: (a) a key or selector switch for applying the voltage representative of the binary number for the digital place in question to (b) an adder which combines the selected voltage with the carry-over voltage from the preceding stage and a voltage representative of the cipher then held in the corresponding stage of the accumulator, to produce a resultant voltage which will change the cipher in the accumulator, if required, and -a carry-over voltage for the succeeding stage, (c) an accumulator which will assume a condition indicative of the new value of the cipher for the accumulated sum, and (d) a totalizer switch which will transfer the information produced by the adder -to the accumulator. A switch is also provided for clearing the accumulator when a given computation has been completed.

The novel features that are considered characteristic of this invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, as well as additional objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood from a consideration of the 'following description andthe accompanying drawings, in which Fig. lis a block diagram of an accumulative binary computer in accordance with this invention, and

Fig. 2 is a circuit diagram of two elements of the system illustrated in Fig. 1, all other elements being like one or the other of the two which are shown in detail.

Referring to Fig. l, there is illustrated in diagrammatic form an electronic computer which consists of a number of computer stages Ia to le, reading from right to left, which correspond to the units twos, foursf eights and sixteens digital places in the binary systems of computation, respectively. The actual number of stages employed will depend upon the desired capacity of the computer, it being understood that one stage will be required for each digital place. For the purpose of illustration, only ve stages have been shown. Since each stage is connected identically to the external sources of voltage and the internal circuit connections of all odd numbered stages are identical, as are the circuit connections of all even numbered stages, it will be appreciated that the system may be extended to any number of stages desired.

Each stage of the computer is connected by the respective input terminals I Ia to I le to a like number of single-pole double-throw switches I3a to I3e. The xed contacts of these switches are connected to a pair of leads 23, 25, in alternate fashion. That is, the right hand contacts of switches I3a, I3c and I3e are connected to lead 25, while the left hand contacts of switches I3b and I3d are connected to lead 25. Leads 23 and 25 are connected through a reversing switch 21 to a pair of terminals 29. 3IA to which xed potentials of +17 and -23 volts are to be applied from a source not shown. These voltages, and all other voltages referred to hereinafter are with respect to ground.

Switch 21 is operable to two positions. When moved to the right the potentials are such that the system operates lto add, and when moved to the left the system will subtract. An additional single-pole double-throw switch 33 is mechanically coupled to andoperable with switch 21. The latter switch connects lead 35 from the carry-over input terminal 35a to the terminal 29 or the terminal 3|, depending upon the position of the switch.

Each carry-over output terminal 31 is connected to the carry-over input terminal of the next succeeding stage, in the ascending series. Totalizer input terminals 39a to 39e are all connected symmetrically to a pair of leads 4I, 43 which are connected by means of totalizer switch 45 either to terminals 41. 49, respectively, or to a common terminal 5I. A D. C. voltage of +7 volts is applied to terminal 41, -13 volts to terminal 49, and -3 volts to terminal 5I.

` Clearing input yterminals 53a to 53e are all ccnnected to lead 55, and through a clear switch to a terminal 51 to which a D. C. potential of +10 volts is applied.

Each rcomputer stage includes an indicator of any convenient form, such as lamps 59a to 59e. As convenient, it may be considered that the cipher zero is indicated when the lamp is out, and the cipher one indicated when the lamp is lit. Thus, by observing the condition of the lamps, vthe total held in the accumulator may be determined. It is to be understood, however, that other forms of indicators may be employed, or the voltages may be employed to control other apparatus without, or in addition to, the visual indication.

Before describing the circuit elements of the computer, the general method of operation may be stated. Assuming a column of numbers is to be added, the machine is first cleared by momentarily pressing clear switch 51. If any lamps were previously lit, they will go out, indicating "zero in all stages of the computor. Switch 21 is then placed in the add position. Switches I3 are then placed in the proper positions to represent the ciphers of the various binary places of the first number. For example, if the first number is 1001, using the binary notation, switches I3a and I3d will be moved to the left or l position, and all other switches will be moved to the right or zero position, as illustrated. The :totalizer switch 45 is then momentarily operated. Lamps 59a and 59d will then light up, indicating that the number has been transferred to the accumulator.

Switches I3 are then set for the second number, say 101, by moving the switches I3 as necessary. The totalizer switch is then momentarily pressed again, transferring the second number to the accumulator and adding it to the number already present. The sum of the two numbers is 1110. Consequently. lamp 59a will go out, lamps 59h and 59C will light up, while lamp 59d will remain lit as before. This process may then be repeated as many times as desired so long as there are sucient stages available to represent the digital places in the sum.

To subtract ja number from another, the

minuend transferred? to .the .accurnulator, if it is not already presentan'cln then -switch 21 .is moved to the left `or. subtract position. Switches I3 .are then setA to the subtrahend and the totalizer switch 45 operated. The-conditions of the lamps 59v then` indicatethe value of: the diierence, it being ,understoodv that the ycipher one in-the `highest. digital place is to be ignored. It may be noted here .that4 in .the.add position of switch 21 a voltage representing .zerois ap-v plied to the carry-over input terminal 35a; Inl the subtract position,.however,..a one is applied to this: terminalzsincefasf. pointed out more fully in our copending application, `-it--isnecessary to addA the cipher one Vwhen this methodof subtraction is-employed.

It should also be understood. that-:the various control switches may readily be replaced-:by electronic switches in the manner also described? inA our above-identiiied copending` application.

Referring Vnow to Fig.. 2, the detailed; circuit connections of two stages n and.n+1f.of thecomputer areshown, it being assumed that the nthstage is, for example, theeven-numbered stage Ib ofF-ig. 1, and the n+1th stage is the following or odd-numbered stage Ic. l.All .even-numbered `stages will then be identicalto-stage Ib, while all odd-numberedstagesA will be identical to stagel lc. Since the two Aare substantially identical, only one will be described in detail, the corresponding identical` parts being identied by thesamerreference numerals fbearing suitable lettered subscripts. Their diiierences will also be pointed out. For simplicity, when referring to identical-components generally the lettered subscripts will not be used. When referring to a particular one of the several identical components, the lettered subscript will be employed fon-purposes ofg-identiiication.

Two tubes 69 and 1|, and their associated components within the Vdotted line 61, comprise an electronic switch or accumulator. Tubes 69 and 1| have their cathodes grounded and their plates connected through resistors 13 and 16 to a suitable sourcey of positive potential. The plate of tube 69 is connected to the grid of tube 1| through two resistors 15 and 11. The plate of tube 1| is connected tothe` grid` of tube 69 through two Yresistors 1-9` and 8|.l These resistors maybe shunted by a,k smallA capacitor to Speed up= the transfer of the conditionofA operation.

The midpoint 83 of resistors '15 and 11 is connectedl to a source of high voltage negative potential through vresistor 81. The mid-point 85 of resistors 8| and 19 vis connected- -to the same sourceof negative potential through resistor 89. Midpoint 83 isalso connectedvthrough-a rectier 9| to a source of iiXed--negativepotential'of 23 volts and through-a rectier93 to'a source of` fixed positive potential ofi+=17A volts; Similarly, mid-point 85 `isconnectedthrough-a rectiiier-95 to the -23volt and source and through a rectifier 91 to the +17 volt source.

Theelectronic switch 51 is basically -a nip-flop, sometimes called'a trigger' circuit, havingtwo conditions of stability. 'Thatlis,-either tube 69 is conducting and tube 1| cut off, or vice versa. Theexisting condition can be reversed `by driving the. grid of eithertube positive o'r negative as. may be required.

Each electronic switchfl1` includes means:for limiting the output .voltages to .two-fixed predetermined values, such as .23 .and +17 volts, although other values mayfbeproduced. as desi-red.; l.The-particular reasonio'n selecting these messa values: will? appear subsequently. Voltage stand# ardization is accomplishedv by restricting the The circuitswing of the outputby rectifiers. constants areso selected that in the absence of the rectiers the potentials of points 83 andai would swing far more positive .andi negative, respectively, than the potentials to which theyfa're y to be limited.

'Assuming-that tube 69 is conducting, and tube: 1|: cut off, the potential at output terminal 99,

which.v isI connected -to Vmidpoint 83, will seek da potential more negative than 23 volts due- .to the effect of resistor 81 and the 525 volt source. When thisvoltage isexceeded', however, recti. er 9| becomesequivalent tov a very -low impedance and holds the outputvat the 23 volt level. Rectifier A93y is connected .oppositely .so that it presents a .high impedance to point183.

AAt the: same time, the potential of outputter-1 minal llseeks a high positive level, 4sinceffthe plate'of tube 1| is ata high potential. Rectifier 91, however, conducts as soon asfthe potential' tends to exceed-+17 volts, and holds theoutput at this value. it presents a high impedanceto the.oupu'tf-ter-l i minal IDI. f'

- When the conditions of conductivity of tubes 59h will light when the left-hand tube 69b-is 'non-- conducting, while lamp 59C Ywilllight only .whenthe right-handY tube 1|c is non-conducting.

Whenthese tubes .are conducting the dropLin `the respective plate resistors 13b and 13e is such that the plate :voltage is insuiicient to causethe lamps toignite. Y A

The electronicv switch has two functions,:,(l)

toassume one condition of conductivity Aor they other in accordance lwith .the polarity of the Volt-- age applied 'by the oper-ation of the totalizer switch 45, and to produce a visual, or other indication of its condition, and 2) to produce a voltage at terminal 99 indicative of its condition. This voltage has one of two standard values +17 or 23, and represents the Vnumerical value of the cipher represented by the condition ofthe switch at the binary place represented. Thus,v

when 'the ylamp 59h is non-conducting, indicating.;

zero for that binary place, the vol-tage at terminal A$3913 will have its most negative value, i. e., 23 volts. Consequently, for the particular stage Ib, this voltage `will be considered as representing zero It should also be noted at this point that the voltages on the various terminals 99 together represent the coeiiicents of 2k, where It is0,1;l 2, n, in the equation l Since the electronic switches 81 have two .conditions of stability, and assume 4one condition or the other as required, they are, effectively, Vaccumulators or memories, and serve to hold the information provided by the computer itselfwhich will now 'be described.

Addition is accomplished 'by the resistance averagingmethod of our earlier application. To

reproducerthe binaryadditionloftwo ciphersit ist Rectier is so connected lthat 7 necessary to ,consider the values of the two ciphers Anw) and Anw) and the value of the carry-over Cn-i. Each of these ciphers may be either one or zero. Thus three separate voltages must be combined, each capable of variation between two xed values, `+17 and 23 for example. The voltage Anw) is available at terminal 99, as stated above. The voltage Anw) is provided at terminal by selector switch I3, while the carry-over voltage Cn 1 is available at input terminal 35. These three points are thereforeconnected through resistors |03, |05 and |01, respectively, to a common point P. The resistors are all of equal value, say 62,000 ohms.

Point P is connected to the grid of carry-over tube |09, the plate of which is connected through a plate loading resistor to a source of plate potential of, say, 250 volts. The plate is also connected through an output resistor ||3 to (1) the carry-over `output terminal 31, and (2) a source ofv high negative potential, say, -525 volts. through resistor ||5. In addition, the plate of each tube |09 may be coupled to the grid of each succeeding tube |09 by a small capacitor ||1, to speed up the action. Y

Since three voltages varying between the same limiting values are applied to the ends of the three resistors which are connected to point P, the voltage at point P will have the average values indicated in Table I below, depending on whether none, one, two or three of the voltages are +17, the others being +23. The carry-over voltage Cn which results is also shown.

Tube |09 has such a characteristic that with a negative grid voltage of -23 or -10 volts it will be completely cut-off, or at least cut oil' lto such an extent that the plate voltage will exceed +17 volts. The voltage at terminal 31 will therefore reach a maximum value of +17 volts, due to lthe limiting action of rectier ||9, when not more than one of the three applied voltages is +17. Similarly, the voltage at terminal 31 will reach a minimum value of -23 volts when two or more of the applied voltages are +17 volts, because then tube |09 is conducting, the plate voltage drops, and the negative potential applied through resistor ||5 tries to pull the voltage at this point to a low negative value, the actual value, however, being limited to +23 volts by the action of rectier |2I.

Remembering that in the stage Ib the convention has been adopted that the cipher one is represented by +17 volts, and the cipher zero by' -23 volts, and that this convention is reversed terminal ||,.through resistor |21 and to terminal 31 through resistor |29. Resistors |25 and |21 have the same value, say, 200,000 ohms, while resistor |29 has one-half this value. Consequently, the potential of point Q is determined by the value of three voltages, C11-1, An(:r) and Cn. but since resistor |29 has half the value of the other resistors the effect of the voltage Cn is twice, as great as that of the other voltages. Also, since it is reversed in sense, it is effectively a voltage -2Cn.

It may now be seen that the voltage at point (Z2` depends on (a) I the carry-over voltage Cn-i from the precedingstage; (b) the voltage An(;r) representing the number to be added to the number in the accumulator; and l (c) the voltage An(y) representing the number then in the accumulator acting on -point P and thus aiecting the value of Cn as shown in Table I.

In the binary, addition of digits of a given binary place of two numbersx and y, for each of the two possible values of the y digit, zero, or one, there are four possible combinations of the a: digit and the lcarry-over. That is, both may be zero, both may be one, or either one may be zero and the other may be one. Stating this in tabularform in which the digits are represented by their voltage equvalents, we may observe that thepotential at point Q will be as shown in Table II. For simplicity, the voltage Cn has been shown twice, since it has twice the eiect on the potential of point Q of any other voltage.

Table II Anw) 0,. 0,. A;.(x) CH Point Q 23 +11 v +11 23 23 3 23 23 23 +11 +11 3 23 +11 +11 +11 23 +1 23 Y +11 +11 23 +11 +1 +11 +11 +11 23 23 3 +11 23 23 +11 +11 3 +11 23 23 +11 ai 13 +11 23 23 23 +11 13 It should be noted that the values of Cn are obtained from Table I, and the values of the voltages at point Q are the averages of the voltages in columns (2)V to (5).

Point Q is coupled by a capacitor |3| to the grid of the left-hand tube 69, and is also connected to .two rectiers |3| and |33 which are, in turn, connected to leads 4| and 43, respectively. In itsV normal position switch 45 connects lead 4| to a source of potential of at least +7 volts, and lead 43 to a source of potential of at least -13 volts, these values being equal to or greater than the greatest potentials assumed by point Q so that both rectiers are normally high impedances and Ado not affect the potential of point Q.

When the totalizer switch 45 is operated, leads 4| and 43 suddenly go to a potential of ,-3 volts. If point Q Vwas previously at ,-3 volts its potential will not change. Consequently no pulse will be applied by capacitor |3| to the grid of tube 69 and therefore the condition of the accumulator, whatever it is, and hence of the indicator lamp 59, will not change. By observation it may be seen from Table II that this condition exists when the various voltages represent the following, conditions:

(a) am), my! am m e!! (b) When Aniy) is one :and Anim) and C11-1 are zero. f y

(c) When Anw) is Zero and Amr) and C11-1 are both one. (In this case a carry-overof one io the next succeding binary place is produced.)

(d) When An('y) is one, and Anim) andCn-i are both one. (A carry-over of one is produced in this case also.)

The vequivalence of lthe numerical addition of binary numbers and the electrical equivalent so far described is clearly evident.

Assume, next, that the potential of' point Q is -13 volts. From Table II it can be observed that this condition only exists when the 'accumulator is set on one, 'and tubey 69h is not conducting. `When the totalizer switch 45 is operated the anode of rectifier ISI suddenly becomes .positive with respect to its cathode, and the rectifier becomes a very low impedance. This causes the potential of point Q suddenly to go up from -13 volts to -3 Volts. As a result a 10 volt positive pulse is applied to the grid of tube 59, causing it to conduct, and extinguishing tube 1I. Lamp 59' then goes out, indicating that the value of the sum for lthe Abinary place concerned isv now Zero. This occurs only when Ante) is one and A(In-1 is Zero, or vice versa.v This action is, therefore, fully equivalent to the process of numerical addition.l

It has been shown, therefore, vthat the circuit illustrated fulfills all the necessary operations to perform the addition of two binary num-bers in terms of voltages, and further that the sum is retained in an accumulator which nconstantly indicates the numerical equivalent, in vbinary numbers, of the total. The apparatus takes into account theA production of a carry-over voltage for the succeeding stage and the carry-over voltage supplied by the preceding stage. Anyv .nurn- `ber of Acomputations may be rmade in succession, and the indicator lamps will indicate the total value of them all.

Switch 5'! is then operated' to clear the accumulator. By applying apositive pulse to the grid of tube EBb, and to the grid of tube "Hc, and alternately to the right and left hand tubes of the various stages, the accumulators will all be placed in that condition which causes the indicator lamps 59 to go out, indicating that no numbers are held in thedevice.

It is to be understood that various other eX- pedientsare possible for obtaining the proper senseof the successive stages. Thus all the indicator lamps 59 may be. connected to tubessBS, 1in one stage being connected asshown, and inthe next stage being connected across the-plate resistor. So also, instead of reversing the convention with alternate stages, the sense of the carryover voltage may be reversed by including an additional coupling tube between terminals 31 and 35. In this case all stages will be identical.

Any number may be subtracted from the total in the accumulator by placing switch 21 in the subtract position, and proceeding as though the number were being added, as described above. In order to remove the cipher from the highest binary place as a result of this operation, a switch may be provided in the last stage which will apply a negative or positive pulse to the appropriate tube 69 or TI, as the case may be, to

shift the condition of that stage only to a condition representative of the cipher zero. As indicated above, the one which is to be added to the "ones place, is provided automatically by switch 33.

(lll

'The time constants of thev circuits should `be arranged so that changes in the D. C. `potential of point Q due to the operation of the setting switches do not appear as pulses on the grid of tube 69. The totalizer action, however, is made rapid by keeping the impedance of this circuit low. This can be ensured by including a lowpass filter (a series resistor and a shunt capacitor) in the lead between point Q and the rectiers, or by placing a small capacitor between point Q and a source of fixed potential.

What we claim is:

1.` An electronic computer comprising a plurality of vaccumulators connected in cascade, each having two stable conditions of operation,y one condition of each accumulator being representative of a given value of a rst cipher in asystem of numeration and the other condition being representative of anothe1` value of said rst cipher; means for producing a first plurality of voltages each having one value or another depending on the condition of a corresponding one of lsaid accumulators; means for producing a second plurality of voltages, each having one value or another depending on the value of corresponding ciphers of a number to be added to the number represented by the conditions of said accumulators; means for combining each voltage` of said rst plurality of voltages with. a corresponding voltage of said second plurality and a carry-over voltage fro-m the precedingaccumulator to produce a rst plurality of average voltages;v means for deriving from each average voltage' acarryover voltage for the succeeding stage; means for combining each voltage of said second plurality with the carry-over voltages from the respective preceding accumulatorsand'with a voltage representative of the carry-over voltage for the succeeding stage to produce a second plurality of average voltages, the last of said combined voltages having twice the effect of each 0I the other of said combined voltages; and means for conditioning each of said accumulators in accordance with the values of respective ones of said second kplurality of average voltages. l

2. An electronic computer comprising a .plurality of cascaded computer stages, each stage representing one .place inthe binary system of `numeration and including the v.combination of an accumulator having two stable conditions of operation representing the ciphers zero and one respectively; a source of voltage All selectively adjustable to `one or the other of two values representing the ciphers Zero and"one; means for producing a voltage Anty) having one or the other Aof said two values depending on the condition of said accumulator; means for applying to each stage carry-over voltage C11-1 from the preceding stage, said carry-over voltage Cn-1 having one or the other of said two values depending on whether the carry-over from said preceding stage is zero or one; means for combining the three voltages Andr), Anw) and Cri-1 to produce a resultant equal to their average; means for producing a carry-over voltage Cn for the next successive stage having a value representative of one when none or only one of said three voltages has a value representative of one and a value representative of zero when more than one of said three voltages has a value representative of one; means for combining with said voltages Cri-1 and Anw) a voltage dependent on the value of voltage Cn and having twice the effect .of either voltage Cn-i or voltage Anm) to produce a second resultant voltage; and means for conditioning said accumulator in accordance with the value of said Second resultant.

3. A device of the character described in claim 2 in which said means for conditioning said accumulator includes a totalizer switch actuatable to transfer to said accumulator a pulse the-amplitude and polarity of which is dependent upon the value of said second resultant.

4. An electronic computer comprising a plurality of cascaded computer stages, each stage representing one place in the binary system of numeration, each stage including, in combination, an accumulator having two stable conditions of operation, one condition representing the cipher zero and the 'other condition representing the cipher one; a source of voltage Anw) selectively adjustable to one or the other of two values representing the ciphers zero and one; means for producing a voltage An(y) having one or the other of said two values depending upon the condition of said accumulator; means for applying to each stage a carry-over voltage Cil-1 from the preceding stage, said voltage Cn-l having one or the other of said two values depending on whether the numerical carry-over from said preceding stage is zero or one; means for combining the three voltages Anm), An(y) and C11-1 to produce a resultant equal to their average; means including a discharge device for producing a carry-over voltage Cn for the next successive stage having one or the other of said two values depending on whether the numerical carry-over to the succeeding stage is a zero or a one; means for combining with said voltages C11-1 and Amm) a voltage dependent on the value Cn and having twice the eiect of either of said Cn-i and An() voltages to produce a second resultant voltage having (1) a given value when both voltages Anm) and C11-1 are identical independently of the existing condition of the accumulator, (2) a more positive value than said given value when the voltages Anw) and C11-1 are not identical and said accumulator is in one condition of operation, and (3) a more negative value than said given value when the voltages Anm) and C11-1 are not identical and said accumulator is in the other condition of operation; means for applying said second resultant voltage to the anode of a first unidirectional device and to the cathode of a second unidirectional device; means including a switch connected to the cathode of said first device and to the anode of said second device for alternatively applying to said devices either (l)V a pair of voltages which are respectively at least equal to the more positive and more negative values of said second resultant voltage or 2) a voltage equal to said given value; and a capacitor connected to the anode of said rst device and the cathode of said second device for applying said second resultant voltage to a control element of said accumulator.

5. An electronic computer comprising a plurality of cascaded computer stages, each stage representing one place in the binary system of numeration and including the combination of an accumulator having two stable conditions of operation representing the ciphers zero and one respectively; a source of voltage Anw) selectively adjustable to one or the other of two values representing the ciphers zero and one; means for producing a voltage An(y) having one or the other of said two values depending on the condition of said accumulator; means for applying to each stage carry-over voltage Cn-i from the preceding stage, said carry-over voltage C11-1 having one or the other of said two values depending on whether the carry-over from said preceding stage is zero or one; means for combining the three voltages Anm), An(y) and Cn-i to produce a resultant equal to their average; means for producing a carry-over voltage Cn for the next successive stage having a value representative of "one when none or only one of said three voltages has a value representative of one and a value representative of zero when more than one of said three voltages has a value representative of one; means fc;y combining said voltages C11-.1, Anke) and twice the value of Cn to produce a second resultant voltage which has (l) a given value when both voltages Anm) and C11-1 are identical independently of the existing condition of the accumulator, (2) a more positive value than said given value when the voltages Anw) and C11-1 are not identical and said accumulator is in one condition of operation and (3) a more negative value than said given value when the voltages An and C11-1 are not identical and said accumulator is in its other condition of operation; and means for conditioning said accumulator in accordance with the value of said second resultant.

JAN A. RAJCHMAN. GEORGE W. BROWN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the le of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,404,047 Flory et al July 16, 1946 2,404,250 Rajchman July 16, 1946 2,409,689 Morton et al Oct. 22, 1946 2,425,131 Snyder, Jr Aug. 5, 1947 2,445,215 Flory July 13, 1948 

